Get system arp

Get system arp. Apr 23, 2020 · As you're looking for exporting arp list, just put IP address of your firewall and a associated API key in below path, the file will get exported through curl. INTERFACE CONFIGURATION, VERIFICATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING. show arp any%2 Displays ARP status and statistics for all IP addresses in route domain 2. This protocol works between layer 2 and layer 3 of the OSI model. The device with the IP address 192. Get system interface -> Definición de los interfaces. index=34 ifname=root x. For IPv4config system arp-table edit %value% set interface &lt;interface-name&gt; set ip set mac endFor example:config system arp-table edit 1 set interf get system arp. "ip or vlan or arp or rarp". The primary function of this protocol is to resolve the IP address of a system to its mac address, and hence it works between level 2(Data link layer) and level 3(Network layer). You may never even know the translation is happening. Step 2: Run the command dia gnose sniffer packet <port_number> "arp" 4 0. Login to Fortigate via SSH. the MAC address. Check ARP Tables in FortiSwitch: Access the ARP tables in connected switches and routers to see if the MAC addresses are correctly mapped. Exploring Alternatives to ‘arp’ Command in Linux. I read the Sep 28, 2017 · To delay purging Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) entries when an interface goes down, use the arp purge-delay command in interface configuration mode. Jan 3, 2023 · How to add/delete a static ARP entry in Fortigate How to clear an ARP cache entryHow to list an ARP table/cache entry =====Please Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address ( IP address ) to a physical machine address that is recognized in the local network. FortiADC. Feb 7, 2020 · Address Resolution Protocol is one of the most important protocols of the network layer in the OSI model which helps in finding the MAC (Media Access Control) address given the IP address of the system i. 100 0000. Examples include all parameters and values need to be adjusted to datasources before usage. This can be easily done with awk: awk '$1==IPADDRESS {print $4}' /proc/net/arp Dec 30, 2023 · Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is an important protocol of the network layer in the OSI model, which helps find the MAC (Media Access Control) address given the system’s IP address. In this case, the protocol is the set of rules that tells ARP how to look up, save, and share IP and MAC addresses. Para no variar… cada fabricante sigue su nomenclatura…. get system bug-report. Mar 20, 2024 · In summary, the ARP protocol operates through a simple yet effective process, embodying principles of efficiency, scalability, and adaptability. Besides Ethernet and Wi-Fi, ARP has been implemented for ATM , Token Ring, and other physical network types. " Jul 26, 2022 · a recognition that the accommodation is being offered for at least 6 months. Open the Command Prompt and run the command “arp -a” to view the complete ARP table. 255. ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol, which is used to find. 4. 10. Easiest way to do this will probably grab a PCAP via the GUI and check the egress interface in the layer-2 section of the packet dump. arp purge-delay value. Fortinet Documentation Library Jun 3, 2016 · In order to populate that list, the machine will have had to at some point issued an arp request, saying "who has IP x. On Debian, arp is available from the net-tools package: $ apt install net-tools. When the request packet comes from a system outside the host’s network, the Proxy ARP-enabled router responds to the ARP request pack May 22, 2020 · The solution to this was to use ARP, even if a host firewall is set to block all IP based traffic, ARP is a layer 2 protocol that isn’t affected. The arp command in Linux provides the -d option for that. View module function status Nov 19, 2013 · The following commands are used to manage the ARP cache: The execute clear system arp table command to remove the ARP cache. 5. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) The Address Resolution Protocol is used to dynamically discover the mapping between a layer 3 (protocol) and a layer 2 (hardware) address. Most of the time, the computer will use dynamic ARP entries. 8 set mac bc:14:01:e9:77:02 next end Feb 24, 2017 · Topology for the following sample configurations: Configuration on backup VRRP router: root@SWITCH-2# Set system arp passive-learning. 1 インターフェース単位での削除 #diag ip arp flush ARP全削除 #execute clear system arp table We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 11 frames from a Wi-Fi card in monitor mode. What Is ARP. 製品情報 ・製品機能一覧(プロダクトマトリックス) 現在販売されているFo… To clear all of the entries in the ARP table: execute clear system arp table To delete a single ARP entry from the ARP table: diagnose ip arp delete <interface name> <IP address> To add static ARP entries: config system arp-table edit 1 set interface "internal" set ip 192. IP=127. 2 | get system admin status //View the status of the currently logged in admin and their session. edit <id> set interface {string} set ip {ipv4-address} FortiGate CLI Reference - Fortinet Technical Documentation Apr 28, 2024 · It is possible to delete a particular host from the ARP cache. diagnose sniffer packet any. C. May 18, 2020 · The ARP cache on a Linux system can be examined with the command ip-s neigh; the corresponding windows command is arp-a. May 16, 2024 · This module is able to configure a FortiGate or FortiOS (FOS) device by allowing the user to set and modify system feature and arp_table category. As an example, ' show full-configuration | grep ‘<IP address> ’' will show if the IP address specified occurs in the FortiGate configuration at any point. 3 | get system info admin status // Check whether the administrator login method is ssh or web. 8 set mac bc:14:01:e9:77:02 next end Display all entries in the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table. ARP is a network protocol used to map an Internet Protocol (IP) address to a physical address, such as a Media Access Control (MAC) address, on a local network. May 3, 2017 · # get hardware nic <NIC name> または # diagnose hardware devicei… FortigateのARPテーブルに関して. 10) to the underlying Ethernet address (e. The 'grep' command is applied as a standard command filter within the FortiOS firmware, with the following syntax: Comuníquese con nosotros. The command passes the NetNeighbor object to the Get-NetAdapter cmdlet by using the pipeline operator. While troubleshooting certain connectivity issues, it is required to run the command ‘diagnose ip arp list’ which will provide an output as shown below: # diag ip arp list. The arp command is a versatile tool that allows you to add, delete, or view ARP Sep 30, 2013 · Comandos en Fortigate. 8 set mac bc:14:01:e9:77:02 next end The purpose of ARP is to convert the 32-bit logical address (IPv4 address) to the 48-bit physical address (MAC address). Step 4. We also need to specify the interface on the system on which the entry should be added. To receipt gratuitous ARP packets, use the no form Actual exam question from Fortinet's NSE4_FGT-7. ARP Cache contains recently resolved MAC addresses of Internet Protocol (IP) hosts on the network. Given below is an example: Oct 26, 2023 · The arp command is a utility for managing the ARP cache on a system. Payment is disregarded for means-tested grants/payments. This isn’t a new concept, there are many other tools such as ARPPing, but I haven’t seen a Dec 8, 2012 · If your program is restricted to linux system, another option would be to parse the file /proc/net/arp. x, version 7. Let’s say, you want to delete the host with the IP address 192. Entries in default routing instance: No. The arp command displays and modifies the Internet-to-adapter address translation tables used by the Address in Networks and communication management. If such a declaration isn’t made the application will fail. Parameters can also be used, and in combination with the ‘ dia sys session list Jul 3, 2017 · This article describes some basic commands for troubleshooting IP Routing, ARP and Interface configuration. execute clear system arp table May 3, 2023 · ARPコマンドについて詳しく知りたいですか？当記事では、ARPコマンドの基本はもちろん、実例を用いた実践での使用方法まで、丁寧にわかりやすく解説しています。用語の意味なども説明していますので、まだLinuxのコマンドに詳しくないという方も簡単に理解できます。 Jul 23, 2015 · You must either call a system command such as arp to get ARP information, or generate your own packets using Scapy. get system arp-table. In an Ethernet local area network, however, addresses for attached Jan 3, 2024 · Address Resolution Protocol, commonly referred to as ARP, is a critical networking process used for mapping network addresses. To clear all of the entries in the ARP table: execute clear system arp table To delete a single ARP entry from the ARP table: diagnose ip arp delete <interface name> <IP address> To add static ARP entries: config system arp-table edit 1 set interface "internal" set ip 192. The ARP table is a vital component of networking, as it maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. 97 0 f4:f2:6d:37:b0:99 wan1 To view the ARP cache in the system: # get system arp - If VDOMs are configured: # config vdom # edit <vdom_name> # get system arp - Clear all ARP Table: # execute clear system arp table - Remove a single ARP entry: # diag ip arp delete <interface_name> <IP Address> - Remove all entries associated with a particular interface: # diag ip arp flush <interface_name> SNIFFER ARP PACKETS: Aug 19, 2021 · As stated in the Fortinet documentary, The default ARP timeout value is 5 minutes (300 seconds) and can vary depending on the state of the ARP entry and the objects that are using. Regards, San May 15, 2019 · Description. 20 mac-address 00:0b:09:88:00:9b Modifies the ARP mapping of the ARP entry named 10. diagnose netlink brctl list. Use this command to get information about configuration related to bug reporting. IP Address MAC Address Type Age Port Status. 2, the following enhancements have been made to the output of the show arp May 11, 2010 · This article describes how to use the 'grep' command in the CLI of a FortiGate system. In the post, may be you're not able to see full path, just copy below path and paste it in notepad. While the ‘arp’ command is a powerful tool for managing your ARP cache, there are other methods available that can offer different benefits. You will often see ARP packets at the Aug 28, 2023 · The arp command without any additional arguments gave me a list of options that I could use. get sys interface physical. So I set my filter. 2 Study Guide (p. Its ability to dynamically resolve address mappings underpins the seamless communication within networks, highlighting ARP’s enduring significance in the realm of computer networking. Show the names of all of the switches on the FortiGate. 10 mac: 01:02:03:04:05:aa . Scope. Use the following command to see arp table. Access FortiSwitch: get system arp . The above protocol is sufficient, but there is one further point. On most systems that are *nix (UNIX and Linux flavors), a command prompt is required to access the ARP table. 50. Also it shows all the Arp entries, even the ones which are incomplete or failed. get system arp FortiGate Infrastructure 7. config system arp-table. Algunos comandos útiles para administrar un Fortigate. Everything I can find references ARP and not being able to dump a MAC/CAM table on the FortiGate-based switch. The ARP’s main task is to convert the 32-bit IP address (for IPv4) to a 48-bit MAC address. It can add entries to the table, delete one or display the. 6 next end . Just make sure IP address and API key is correct. Let’s take a closer look at each of them. ARPテーブル確認 # get system arp 実行例 -----… Forigate関連資料. Total number of ARP entries: 2. FortiOS firmware version 4. You can view the ARP table to see the MAC address of the devices connected to these individual interfaces which are part of the Hardware Switch using command # get system arp. Back to Index. The diagnose ip arp delete <interface name> <IP address> command to remove a single ARP entry. Clear all the entries in the arp table. To view the ARP table: # get system arp Address Age(min) Hardware Addr Interface 10. It's used to dynamically map an internet protocol (IP) to a hardware or MAC address. device # show arp. (Address Resolution Protocol - Wikipedia). Jul 22, 2017 · This Logical Interface is a Layer 3 interface with an IP assigned to it. Solution. First, execute the following command to see all the hosts: arp. Get system performance status (ademas de datos de conexiones, memoria modify arp 10. x" - the owner will reply and upon receipt, the arp table will be populated. Example. It sends an ARP request packet to all devices on the same network segment. ARP, or Address Resolution Protocol, is a vital component of computer networks. The ARP cache table stores mappings of IP addresses with their corresponding MAC address. Starting with Junos OS Release 14. The next hop for the target IP address is through the same interface as the request is received. x, 6. Examples. The get system arp command is used for that purpose. 01:02:03:04:05:06). To display the arp cache tables for all interfaces, type: arp /a To display the arp cache table for the interface that is assigned the IP address 10. NOTE: Using the word any for the port number will generate too much output, so to reduce the get system arp-table. This protocol is mostly used to determine the hardware (MAC Feb 14, 2023 · The address resolution protocol, or ARP, connects an always-changing IP address to a fixed media access (MAC) address. 2. Use this command to view the ARP tables on the FortiSwitch unit. It also allows a complete dump of the ARP cache. When A sends its broadcast “who-has D?” ARP query, all other hosts C check their own cache for an entry for A. ) A. To do that, use: sudo arp -d 192. However, there does not appear to be an option to view ARP details for a sub-interface. View the ARP table; 1 | get system arp // Not available in multi-vdom mode. The job of ARP is to find the physical address (MAC address) of the target and map it with its corresponding Layer 3 IP address when communicating in a LAN. The MAC address resides at layer 2, which is also known as the data link layer and IP address resides at layer 3, this layer is also known as the network layer. The diagnose ip arp flush <interface name> command to remove all entries associated with a single interface. ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol, a method used in a Local Area Network (LAN) to find the MAC (Media Access Control) address of a system when its IP ( Internet Protocol) address is known. Use the. The ARP protocol may sound confusing. Description: Configure ARP table. The arp command displays the current ARP entry for the host specified by the HostName variable. show arp Displays ARP status and statistics for the system. The screenshot example below is the arp output of a particular computer. Sep 10, 2010 · Using arp on a MAC or Linux System. The MAC address of the destination host DESCRIPTION top. 190 0 28:f1:0e:03:2a:97 wan1 192. If a primary host wants to communicate with another destination host, it sends out a broadcast request to the entire network. It is responsible for linking IP addresses to MAC addresses, enabling devices to communicate effectively. The scheme sets accommodation standards and the applicant is required to make a declaration on those standards as part of the application process. When a PC wants to send a message over the network, it has to encapsulate the data down the layers of the OSI model. To run the arp command in MAC-OSX or Linux, first open a Terminal window. To display the ARP table, enter the show arp command. ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Echar un ojo a este otro post. To monitor ARP packets and identify if replies are missing. ARP’s primary function is to convert Internet Protocol (IP) addresses into their corresponding Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. While the computing is complex, the work moves quickly. using the Apr 28, 2020 · ARPテーブルのクリア execute clear system arp table. To view the arp cable table for all the interfaces (network adapters) on your computer, type the following in the command window then press Enter: arp /a. The host can be specified by name or number, using Internet dotted decimal notation. Router# configure Router(config)# interface HundredGigE 0/0/0/0 Router(config-if)#arp cache-limit 3900 Router(config-if)#commit arp gratuitous ignore To ignore receipt of gratuitous Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) packets, use the arp gratuitous ignore command in interface configuration mode. -a display (all) hosts in alternative (BSD) style. 99, type: arp /a /n 10. arp /a - Displays the Arp Cache Table for all Interfaces. A typical use is the mapping of an IP address (e. This article describes how to interpret the output of command diagnose ip arp list. 0 MR3, version 5. command to inspect the address resolution protocol (ARP) table and displays the ARP cache for all or a specific interface. arp -a : Displays all ARP cache mappings (IP to MAC address) Example: C:\WINDOWS\system32>arp -a To clear all of the entries in the ARP table: execute clear system arp table To delete a single ARP entry from the ARP table: diagnose ip arp delete <interface name> <IP address> To add static ARP entries: config system arp-table edit 1 set interface "internal" set ip 192. get system interface. Proxy ARP. Edit: An example using Scapy from their website: Here is another tool that will constantly monitor all interfaces on a machine and print all ARP request it sees, even on 802. Syntax. I used the arp with additional arguments to find the IP within the same network segment. 192. Apr 9, 2021 · 1 | get system admin list. MAC address: Media access control address is a un Feb 3, 2023 · To create permanent static arp cache entries, place the appropriate arp commands in a batch file and use Scheduled Tasks to run the batch file at startup. 0000. x 00:00:00:00:00:00 state=00000040 use=181994 Sep 26, 2018 · > show arp ethernet1/24. To display entries for a particular logical system only, first enter the set cli logical-system logical-system-name command, and then enter the show arp command. To identify which device is missing the MAC Addresses. At each layer, it has to fill all header information such as TCP/UDP ports in the layer 4 header, source, and destination IP addresses in the Layer 3 header, and source and To solve this problem it is possible to use the proxy-arp feature as follows: # config system proxy-arp edit 1 set interface "port1" set ip 192. I had filter="ip or vlan" and I pass it to libpcap like below and it is working in my application for a long time without any problem. 3. g. Without ARP, the devices within a network Jun 22, 2021 · ARP was developed in the early 1980s as a general-purpose address translation protocol for IP networks. Oct 29, 2020 · How to Use ARP. Here, we use apt to perform the installation. We’ll get to exactly how that all works next, but as far as protocols go, it’s the set of rules that ARP follows in order to function properly. root@DiscoveringSystems-ubuntu:/# arp -e. Mar 21, 2020 · FortiGate CLI allows using the ‘grep’ command to filter specified output for specified strings. current content. To check the ARP table in Windows, you can use the arp command. . SolutionConfiguration CLIUsing the FortiGate CLI. edit CustomerVDOM01. 352): "If you suspect that there is an IP address conflict, or that an IP has been assigned to the wrong device, you may need to look at the ARP table. If you want to see arp table of Fortigate, 1. To turn off the purge delay feature, use the no form of this command. Nov 10, 2023 · ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network layer communication protocol defined in RFC826. 1) Show IP interface configuration: Example: FortiADC-VM # diagnose netlink ip list. To use a command, we usually need to install it first. 1 10. This command gets a NetNeighbor object that contains neighbor cache entries that are reachable. inspect system arp. Feb 14, 2023 · The address resolution protocol, or ARP, connects an always-changing IP address to a fixed media access (MAC) address. This file is exported by the kernel and is what arp itself parses to get its information. AFFECTED PRODUCT SERIES / FEATURES. 168. 20 to the MAC address 00:0b:09:88:00:9b. diagnose ip arp list. 1 ' 4 " from the CLI as an seems to still reference the SVI and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) explained. 1 MASK=255. Question #: 91. There is a fast way to discover that. Go into VDOM (if you have) config VDOM. A directory holds a detailed map of both IP addresses and MAC addresses. It plays a crucial role in enabling communication between devices on a local network, as it translates IP addresses, which are used at the network layer (Layer 3), to MAC get system arp-table. Mar 18, 2024 · Installing arp. If we use the following options we can view the arp tables in either BSD style or linux style. Arp manipulates or displays the kernel's IPv4 network neighbour. 2/cli-reference. 54. e. Dec 28, 2023 · arp -V # Output: # [Expected output from command] This command should display the version of the ‘arp’ command installed on your system. 2. Note : Juniper recommends setting passive learning on both the backup and primary VRRP routers. x, version 6. [All NSE4_FGT-7. Now enter ‘arp -a’ at the $ or # prompt: There are two types of ARP entries- static and dynamic. This is used to retrieve MAC addresses quickly when needed for efficient communication. Step 1: Clean up the ARP table with the command execute clear system arp table. Topic #: 1. the media access control address of a network neighbour for a. For example, in IP Version 4, the most common level of IP in use today, an address is 32 bits long. Syntax: May 23, 2022 · ARP: The Address Resolution Protocol is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. no arp purge-delay value. 0. Sep 30, 2023 · Developed in 1982 by the Internet Working Group, ARP remains a foundational protocol in modern networking technology. ARP Command is a TCP/IP utility used for viewing and modifying the local Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache. It doesn't have a CAM/MAC table. If you learned about the OSI Model and encapsulation / decapsulation you know that when two computers on the LAN want to communicate with each other, the following will happen: An IP packet is created with a source and destination IP address carrying the data from an application. 1. given IPv4 Address. Show a summary of interface details, including IP address FortigateのARPをクリアしたかったのでコマンド(CLI)でしてみた。 一行ずつも消せるのが非常に便利。 ARPテーブル表示 # get system arp ARPテーブルのリスト表示 # diag ip arp list IP単位での削除 #diag ip arp delete internal 192. 2 responds with an ARP reply packet containing its MAC address. Now, the FortiGate is sending the ARP-REPLY packets back: And some ARP-REQUEST packets to find its next hop's MAC address: FortiGate config: # config system interface edit "port1" set get system arp-table. The system then stores this IP to MAC address mapping in the ARP cache for future use. 0 index=1 devname=lo. 0100 Dynamic 0 1/1/1*2/1/25 Valid. x and 7. Configure ARP table. x. 8 set mac bc:14:01:e9:77:02 next end Oct 7, 2016 · the commands in order to add the ip-mac address binding in both IPv4 and IPv6. How you view the ARP table on your device will depend on the specific device type and operating system. Oct 31, 2023 · Checking the ARP Table and Capturing ARP Data with Wireshark. To remove specific entry in the ARP table, use below command: # diag ip arp delete <interface> <ip address. Run ARP command without any arguements will display a list of the command’s parameters. Step 3. With the command “arp -a” I was able to see the ARP table and its entries recently populated by my computer with the broadcast ping. x and 6. Most Voted. El protocolo de resolución de direcciones (Address Resolution Protocol, ARP) es un protocolo o procedimiento que conecta una dirección de protocolo de Internet (IP) en constante cambio a una dirección de máquina física fija, también conocida como dirección de control de acceso a medios (media access control To clear all of the entries in the ARP table: execute clear system arp table To delete a single ARP entry from the ARP table: diagnose ip arp delete <interface name> <IP address> To add static ARP entries: config system arp-table edit 1 set interface "internal" set ip 192. ARP allows a network to manage connections independently of the specific physical device attached to each one. the main duty of the ARP is to convert the 32-bit IP address (for IPv4) to 48-bit address i. ARP Role Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a very fundamental protocol in computer networking. 4. cache. 0 MR2, version 4. The target IP address in the ARP request, the IP address of the ARP source, and the IP address of the interface on which the ARP request is received are on the same Layer 3 network. In order to view the ARP details for a sub-interface, use the show arp command and manually add the the sub-interface number. Jan 7, 2014 · 1. # get sys arp | grep -f <mac address> This will filter arp table and shows arp entry of specific MAC address. To display the ARP table in this system, enter “arp -a. A " diag sniffer any 'host 1. Example output # get system arp-table == [ 1 ] id: 1 interface: internal ip: 10. -e display (all) hosts in default (Linux) style. Show ARP entries. このコマンドは ARPテーブルのすべてのエントリをクリアします。 ARPテーブルから 1エントリのみ削除 diag ip arp delete <インターフェース名> <IPアドレス> 特定のインターフェースに紐づいたすべての ARPエントリを削除 Redirecting to /document/fortigate/7. In the above topology, switch-1 is the VRRP primary and switch-2 is VRRP backup. The Get-NetAdapter cmdlet gets the network adapters that have the interface index number for the network neighbors stored the NetNeighbor object. Use get system arp to confirm that the ARP table is clean. To flush the complete ARP table, it is necessary to use below command: # execute clear system arp table. 3 1 50:b7:c3:75:ea:dd internal7 192. 99 Sep 22, 2023 · diag sniffer packet VLAN <VLAN_Number> 'arp' 4 0 l . arp. Critically, even if we install it, the arp tool wouldn’t work under the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). 8 set mac bc:14:01:e9:77:02 next end Nov 24, 2022 · arp command manipulates the System’s ARP cache. In short, we send out ARP requests, and either listen for the return replies, or check the ARP cache. The format of this file is described in the manpage proc(5), see man 5 proc. In order for this to work, both devices must be on the same layer 2 network - the same switch/vlan. To add an entry permanently to the arp cache we use the -s option with the arp command and need to specify the IP address and MAC address for the device while invoking the arp command. Get system arp ->Para mirar la tabla de ARP’s. diagnose netlink brctl name host <switch-name> Show the switching table of the specified switch. Apr 16, 2018 · Example 5: Add an entry to the arp cache. ” This command will also show the ARP table in the Windows command prompt. So you'll get more clarity. Hope this will answer your question. The protocol operates within the boundary of a local network and comes into play Fortinet Documentation Library Displaying the ARP table. Jan 18, 2022 · 4 types of ARP . Resolution. pcap_set_filter(pdesc->pd, filter, 0, netp); Now I have been asked to parse arp trafic also . The protocol in ARP serves a related but different function. The example below shows an output for an existing sub-interface number, 335: > show arp Dec 7, 2023 · The system uses ARP to find out this MAC address. x, 7. 2 Questions] Which three CLI commands can you use to troubleshoot Layer 3 issues, if the issue is in neither the physical layer nor the link layer? (Choose three. Oct 5, 2023 · ARP cache: The ARP cache, also known as the ARP table or ARP cache table, is a data structure maintained by the operating system that stores the IP-to-MAC address mappings of devices on the local network. A Proxy ARP protocol handles requests coming from IP addresses that aren’t on the local area network. uj nl nd vl lb nw tc gy pv la