451 General Requirements 1926. 32 KGF) against slip at tightening torque of 54 Nm. It states that each coupler clamp has a minimum load limit of 612 kg according to EN 74 standards. Read more. pdf), Text File (. Swinging scaffold; (viii) ld;(ix)(x)(xi)Window jack scaffold; Mobile scaffold or scaffold on wheels or skids; and Cantilever, jib, figure or. 12. AI-enhanced description. Replaceable ‘T’ bolts, nuts and washers. – D = Dead Load: This is the weight of the working platform and the scaffold components. Calculating scaffold loads requires consideration of various factors. • If you have any questions about the different load capacities of a scaffold, its ropes or its hoists, be sure to talk with your scaffold expert before you begin work. • The distance b/w successive standards is about 2 to 2. Have one man on the roof maintain contact while watching for movement while the stage is scaffold will safely hold at one time. 11 Special duty scaffold 52 08 ereCTING THe SCAFFoLD 53 8. Environmental load is the weight of things such as debris, water, snow and dust on scaffolding. Outrigger Load = 10 tons. Ideal for project leaders and business owners in the scaffolding sector. It states that OSHA requires scaffolds to have a 4:1 safety factor and lists light, medium, and heavy duty load ratings of 25, 50, and 75 pounds per square foot respectively. mil. Jul 3, 2014 • Download as PPT, PDF •. Dead load is the weight of a scaffold and its components before it is loaded. This document discusses cooling load, which is the thermal energy that must be removed from a space to maintain comfort conditions. Multiply the quantity by the weight of each component. Level the scaffold after each move. Calculate the quantity of scaffold that bears down at one point. Roll the excess wire rope and tape it in a neat spool. 1926. The result will indicate how many times stronger the wire rope is compared to the working load. Then, proceed with designing the scaffolding using one of the two methods below: Method 1: Given the complexity of non-industry-specific software like The Layher Allround Scaffolding has become a syn onym in the marketplace for modular scaffolding. Extension Device—Any device used to obtain vertical adjustment of scaffolding other than an adjustment screw. In the UK, a safety factor of at least 2 is applied to the scaffold load capacity to ensure that it can safely support any intended load. 3. 5m, and 55kN leg load can be accommodated when ledgers are at 1. But there is even more! With you scaffolding app you can: 7. It also gives an example of calculating the load for a tube and clamp scaffold with details like its height, bay length and width, and light duty working level Feb 23, 2016 · Scaffold components play a vital role to design the Scaffolding System so technical details are required. With CerTus SCAFFOLDING you have an advanced 3D input and a catalogue of BIM objects to design the scaffolding that you have in mind with maximum design freedom, without any limits and without the risk of neglecting particular Feb 25, 2024 · Multiply the result by BAF divided by RF. Please contact our customer service to complete your item list. Dec 21, 2010 · Discussion on (Scaffold Design Drawing & Load Calculations - PDF Download) - CiteHR. Statistics show that the number of injuries from scaffold related accidents is an astounding 4,500 or more a year and deaths that occur from such accidents average more than 60 per year. Cubic Meter m 3 This document provides an overview of scaffolding safety training. Key terms are defined, such as cooling Oct 31, 2023 · But to design and calculate scaffolding materials, you must gather building information like planned use, total working area, height and length of scaffolding, maximum live and dead load weight. 9, and RF is 1. Connect rope grab to lifeline 15. regarding load. Our perfect scaffolding 3D designs and precise calculations include : Covering uniform concentration of load, even load distribution, unexpected load and spot load. A: Our factory main products include adjustable steel prop, frame scaffolding, ringlock scaffolding, quicklock scaffolding, cuplock scaffolding, kwikstage scaffolding, steel pipes & couplers, steel formworks,plywood, formwork clamps, adjustable U head jack & jack base, and other scaffolding&formwork accessories. platform boarding arrangement and the number of boarded lifts that can be used at any one time. • Footings—Support scaffold footings shall be level and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold. 2 to 1. SLC = 40 tons / 0. Feb 27, 2024 · Perform the calculation to obtain the safety factor. In this example, the Safe Load Capacity of the crane is approximately 44. Apr 8, 2020 · what is scaffolding formwork - scaffolding formwork those are two important and initial steps that been done at the time of construction. May 25, 2015 · Elements of a Safe Scaffold. [29 CFR 1926. Method 2 – Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures. Figure 3: Bird cage tower scaffold. Determine the Weight of Individual Components. 90. Crane Capacity ≈50 tons. 0, Mozilla Firefox version 52. Protection. 6. Clustering is not allowed. There are two basic types of scaffolds: Suspended scaffolds, which are one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support. Competent Person: One who is capable, through training and experience, of identifying existing and predictable hazards relating to scaffolds and has the authority to take prompt corrective measures to Dec 19, 2019 · Presentation Transcript. Volume. tube with a swivel ledger end and wedge secured at each end for connection to the rosette on the Standard. Scaffolding consists of different components that work together to provide a safe and secure working platform. 1) The If ladder platforms are outside of scaffolding structure, calculation is like for stair towers. 2008) * Upright Narrow Scaffold Per instructions of the UpRight Narrow Scaffold, the platform height must not exceed 3 times the smaller base dimension unless scaffold The document provides design data and calculations for scaffolding and formwork used in the construction of an 8-storey building. Practical Example 2: Calculating Live Load. 450 Scope and Application 1926. Formwork summary for floor slab; Marine ply wood = 64 pieces. The last step is launching the Member Design module for scaffolding design. 21. 5 ) Crane Capacity = 83. maximum lift heights. maximum leg loads. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. Method 3 – Wind tunnel procedure Design of Steel Structures Prof. 25kN (637. Feb 27, 2024 · The formula for calculating the outrigger load is as follows: Outrigger Load = Load Moment / Outrigger Length. Feb 28, 2024 · Launching Scaffolding Member Design. Proper bracing and anchoring are essential to ensure the stability of the scaffold, preventing tipping or collapse. Some items required for an adequate and safe erection could be missing from the list depending on your scaffold configuration. It discusses types of scaffolds like tube and coupler scaffolds, mobile scaffolds, and specialty scaffolds. Additions include exterior birdcages, tube and fitting mobile towers, tube and fitting loading bays without beams and tied independent scaffolds with three inside boards. Do not extend adjusting leg screws more than 12 inches. Know the weight capacity of the scaffold. Scaffolding material quantity calculations are related to the following factors: 1)Wall Sizes: Wall length and height sizes need scaffolding materials to surround. Aug 23, 2023 · Welcome to our comprehensive guide on Scaffolding Load Calculation! 🏗️ In this video, we delve into the crucial aspect of ensuring safety and efficiency in Home | Occupational Safety and Health Administration Jun 13, 2024 · The SkyCiv Scaffolding Design Software allows engineers to design scaffolding to standards AISC 360-16, BS EN 12811-1:2003, and AS/NZS 1576. 10. It outlines regulations for erecting, inspecting, and using scaffolds safely. The document provides information on scaffolding safety training conducted by Mr. It also calculates that a single bay of scaffolding can safely support a load of 200 kg, which provides a safety factor of 0. Scaffolding height [h] = height between bottom of the base plate and the top rail, round off to closest 0. 3094) Sling Capacity ≈ 73,714. Given that the load moment is 10 tons and the outrigger length is 10 feet, you can plug these values into the formula: Outrigger Load =10 tons / 10 feet. 3D input to model the scaffolding based on any construction requirement and all kinds of structures. While most scaffold-related accidents happen due to human factors, a percentage is caused due to improper scaffold construction. 3. 2. ÐÏ à¡± á> þÿ Cà ã þÿÿÿè é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ Best viewed 1280 x 1024 using Google Chrome Version 57. 9 Stability 51 7. For example a scaffolding having minimal base width of 2 metere its height can have up to 8 metre. Compliance with scaffold weight limit regulations is necessary for overall site safety. Dead load. Formula. SINGLE SCAFFOLDING • It consists of a single raw of standards placed at a distance of about 1. Key details include: 1) Scaffolding design for the external perimeter, including load calculations showing the total load per frame is less than the allowable load of 50 kN. Santha Kumar. Figure 2: Putlog scaffold. 5, Crane Capacity = (100 / 1. Above lines can be used as scaffolding definition. 450(b)] Gasoline power-operated hoists or equipment are not Flooring, minimum finished size 1-3/4 x 4-1/4 in. 451(b) • Guying ties, and braces—Supported scaffolds with Oct 12, 2023 · Scaffold load capacity is the maximum load a particular scaffold can safely support. 48 PM May 22, 2018 · Length of lift area and staircase area = 5. Orange Slides. It is calculated by the manufacturer and indicated on the scaffolding. 6 Calculating load combinations 47 7. Live load. With a few clicks you will get a calculation of the required scaffolding materials together with an estimate on the pricing. It includes a lot of great statistics and visuals. . Feb 1, 2024 · Scaffold boards. ppt. Outrigger Beam: A structural member that extends out and away from the building to support a suspended scaffold. The document provides guidance on calculating scaffold loads. Base plate – A plate that sits on the sole plate and supports the vertical standards of the Nov 1, 2020 · Do you want to learn more about scaffold duty, scaffolding load capacity and load bearing capacity of a scaffold? Watch this video from HSE Study Guide, a channel that provides useful information Dec 1, 2020 · Article considers the calculation of the outside racks of formwork scaffold, which, in contrast to the intermediate ones, experience bending stresses due to asymmetric load. How to Aug 30, 2022 · Factors Impact of Scaffolding Material Calculation. 2)Scaffold Bay Lengths: longest distance between two adjacent standards (scaffold posts). 60m (5 props) Number of props that would have been in lift area = 5 x 6 = 30 pieces. Adjust the weight by finding the percentage of weight that is transferred to that one point. DL = V * D. Download Scaffold and Ladder Safety Training PowerPoint. S. Basic design documents scaffolding procedure focused design documents. R. pdf. I highly recommend it to anyone who is interested in improving their design process and delivering high quality scaffolding. All suspension scaffold support devices, such as outrigger beams, cornice hooks, and parapet clamps, must: Rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold operating at the greater of either [29 CFR 1926. For example, a scaffolding structure with a base width of 3 meters can have a height of up to 12 meters; 3 x 4 = 12 meters (Based on the ratio of 4:1) The document analyzes the strength of scaffolding used for a construction project. g. The template facilitates the use of distributions as inputs and produces a Jul 3, 2015 · The load capacity of scaffolding is determined by a height to base ratio of 4:1, Meaning the scaffold can be up to four times the minimal base width. Workers must inspect scaffolds before each shift and not exceed the design capacity. With Layher Allround Scaffolding – in steel or in aluminium – you are investing in a perfected and complete system with all the approvals required for rapid, safe, very profitable and highly flexible scaffolding construction. Safety Factors for Scaffolding SWL: Safety factors also called safety margin is a value multiplied in safety formulas to ensure more safety then usual value, in scaffolding SWL formula safety factor can be The quantities calculated are to be used as a budgetary reference only and should not be used for the erection of a scaffolding tower. safe working load/load class. Completed in accordance with current British and European Codes of Practice. 2) Formwork design for Apr 5, 2019 · Scaffolding: Your Key to Stability. Volumetric scaffold of Jul 3, 2014 · HVAC Cooling Load Calculation. 453 Aerial Lifts 1926. all scaffolding height is determined by using height to base ratio that is 4:1 . 3/25/2020 9VISHNU VIJAYAN,BMCE. 0m vertical centers. Sep 21, 2023 · Dead Load = (Number of Frames × Weight per Frame) + (Number of Platforms × Weight per Platform) + (Number of Guardrails × Weight per Guardrail) 8. A suspended scaffold designed with a working load of 500 pounds can have no more than two workers on its platform at the same time. Please note, this blog simply is a rough overview of the techniques used to calculate SWL and we strongly recommend leaving it to the professionals and avoid unlicensed or amateur scaffolding work. Dear friend. The design tool provides scaffolding utilization results that are calculated and detailed Design Calculations by 48. The design calculations are cross-referenced to the design drawings and design risk assessment so that they can be easily followed and interpreted. 1 Before you start 54 8. E. 7 Permissible loads on scaffold tube 48 7. on September 24-25, 2012. Wind Load Calculation Procedures. It defines common scaffolding components and outlines proper inspection, erection, use, and tagging procedures. 3mm dia. Have a handhold above the scaffold platform. The . gov means it’s official. Once you click on the “Design” bubble in the top right corner, it will launch a dialogue box asking you which design module you would like to use to analyze your structure. It discusses general scaffolding regulations from OSHA including load capacity requirements, access rules, and supported scaffold construction guidelines. Ensure you get these factors from the crane's specifications and consider any safety factors mentioned by the manufacturer. Tightening nuts suit standard Scaffold Spanner (23mm A/F). Introduction It is estimated that over 2 million workers frequently use scaffolding in the construction field. 7 likes • 3,968 views. Hot-dip galvanized finish for corrosion resistance. Ensure the load does not exceed the rated capacity of the platform or hoists (usually 1,000#) 13. 14. Factor of Safety—the ratio of ultimate load Mar 25, 2020 · 9. completion of building operations, shall conform toany local, 6. Crane Configuration Factor: 0. 8m. A 1/8 x 7/8-inch steel reinforcing strip shall be attached to the side or under side, full length. 0 Modified Date: 04 July 2024 Jun 14, 2024 · Key Takeaways: Accurate scaffolding load calculations are crucial for construction site safety. thepermanent structure after . A. Our scaffolding app offers you a great opportunity to quickly make a configuration of a scaffold while you are on the construction site. • The ledgers are then fixed to the standards at a vertical distance of 1. Do likewise with the lifelines to avoid tripping hazards. Boards must be constructed from specified softwoods, measuring 225 mm x 38 mm in cross-section and with a maximum length of 4. Use your safety belts and lanyards when working on scaffolding at a height of 10 feet or more above ground level. Scaffold boards are important components of scaffolds used to provide safe working platforms within the scaffold structure. In this section, we will provide you with step-by-step instructions on how to calculate scaffold weight correctly. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights May 18, 2024 · It can be calculated using this formula: SWL = D + (4 x L) Where –. 1-3/4 x 5 in. at opstep, inside toinside, shall be not less than 300 mm with a spread of25 mm foreach 300 mm. In this example, you would take 6500 square feet – the total square footage of the building – and divide it by 5500 – the usable square footage of the building. Apr 19, 2022 · When considering how to calculate the required safe working load of scaffolding, there are six main variables to look at: 1. Minimum volume to be measured per scaffold: 10 m3. 454 Training Requirements How to calculate the safe working load of scaffolding. 2 ) × (0. The Bill of Materials calculates and displays the list of materials required to build a scaffold, including the quantity of parts, total weight/volume, and netting area. Download now. USA (v. It outlines the various parts of tubular scaffolding such as standards, ledgers, transoms, and couplers. 0. Tie rods. The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be determined according to one of the following procedures: Method 1 – Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm buildings. Scaffold hazards are described, such as not exceeding height to base Mar 13, 2024 · The Safe Working Load (SWL) of scaffolding depends on various factors, such as strength of material, design & purpose of scaffolding. You can also edit the Bill of Materials for a drawing to add parts, modify quantities, change the description of a part, and more. The legs, poles, frames, and uprights shall bear on base plates and mud sills. 2 Foundations and supporting structures 56 8. Static load. Federal government websites often end in . 2, BAF is 0. 1. Presented By: Georgia Tech Occupational Safety and Health Program. there are several scaffolding's and formwork methods. It also covers the three main types of scaffolding: supported, suspended, and aerial lifts. It covers heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection and radiation. 1. India 21 December 2010 02. Nov 27, 2022 · Learn how to calculate scaffolding load capacity with this easy-to-follow video tutorial. 1 of 1. – SWL = Safe Working Load. Figure 1: Independent scaffold. Sep 22, 2020 · Scaffolding training-presentation. May 16, 2024 · Always check inspection tags. 12 inches to center. 451(d)(1)]: The rated load of the hoist. This video shows how to calculate safe working load for scaffolding May 16, 2024 · The weight of a scaffold is determined by various factors, including the components used and the equipment and tools that will be placed on it. | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view port scaffolding & formwork peri formwork & scaffolding mgs scaffolding and formworks Scaffolding – Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures. Slides: 132. The stall load of any scaffold hoist must not exceed three times its rated load. Stability. We also name it a scaffolding area too. 33 × 0. This document discusses principles and methods for estimating cooling loads on buildings. Clear, precise and accurate. 11. This should include: type of scaffold (tube and fitting or system) maximum bay lengths. Environmental loads : wind loads , snow loads , rain & ice loads , earthquake loads in accordance with NZS 4203 Live loads (Q): the weight of the persons, materials & debris, tools & equipments & impact forces May 9, 2012 · To calculate the Dead Load of the scaffold at any one point, you must: 1. The following are the main components of scaffolding: Sole plate – A plate used to distribute the load of the scaffold onto the ground. The typical working load limit of 6. 800 meters. They are expected to adhere to the specifications outlined in BS 2482. 6. Result: The calculated capacity of the 2 leg sling in this scenario is approximately 73,714. Cross-bracing—System of members connecting frames or panels of scaffolding to make a tower structure. It provides details of the scaffolding materials used, dimensions of the building structures, and calculations of loads on each scaffolding component from the structure weight and workers. 451(a)(5)] The stall load is the load at which the prime-mover (motor or engine) of a power-operated hoist stalls or the power to the prime-mover is automatically disconnected. When calculating the safe working load( SWL) you should consider the scaffold weight capacity, maximum intended load, scaffold weight and the safety factor. In the design of beam, two aspects are primary consideration, (1) Strength requirements, that is the beam has adequate strength to resist the applied bending moments and accompanying shear forces and (2) Stability consideration, that is the member is safe against . – L = Live Load: This includes the weight of workers, material, and tools. It outlines various components that contribute to cooling load, including heat gains from enclosure elements, internal loads, and outdoor air. 5 m. 366 likes • 221,034 views. The scaffolding capacity calculator provides multiple design capacities for both scaffolding members and couplers. Parapet Clamp: A device used to attach a suspended load of lifeline to a parapet. 5 meters. Now, you can plug these values into the formula to calculate the Safe Load Capacity (SLC): SLC =50 tons −1 0 tons / 0. 9 / 1. 8 Loads on inclined load-bearing members 50 7. Dead Load Calculator. It defines scaffolding and describes the main types of tubular scaffolding. Height and Design Apr 7, 2020 · maximum of 2m vertical centers. Produced and presented electronically. Therefore, the outrigger load in this case would be 10 Feb 27, 2024 · Crane Dead Weight: 10 tons. Suppose you expect four workers, each weighing 180 pounds, along with tools and materials weighing a total of 1000 pounds. Specified data regarding environment of the ÐÏ à¡± á> þÿ (û þÿÿÿþÿÿÿÓ Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ The document provides calculations to determine the load limit of scaffolding clamp couplers and the load capacity of scaffolding bays. SLC ≈ 44. Nov 4, 2023 · Use the formula to determine the Sling Capacity: Sling Capacity = (Leg Length) x (Load Weight) / (Sling Angle Factor) Sling Capacity = (12 feet) x (15,000 pounds) / (2. Apr 15, 2016 · Scaffold load & size calculation Dead load : The dead load(G) shall include the self weight of the scaffold structure. Download our scaffolding app. Author: National Association of Home Builders. The leg load can be increased to 40kN when the maximum vertical distance between ledgers is limited to 1. Satish Kumar and Prof. Below are essential guidelines in the proper construction of scaffolding. The TG20:21 eGuide builds on the TG20:13 eGuide software, with a number of revisions and additions to make the process of producing a compliant scaffold even simpler. Understanding scaffolding weight limits and load capacity is essential to prevent accidents. scaffolding and formwork have same importance . When all the variables in the formulae are obtained, fixing the values in, we Mar 10, 2016 · This document provides information on scaffolding safety. Sample of types of installation or erection of scaffold -. Find out the formulas, examples and tips for safe scaffolding work. V N Parbhu at EERC Theramx Ltd. txt) or view presentation slides online. The document emphasizes keeping scaffolding plumb, securing all components, using fall Coupling Pin—Device used to align and connect lifts or tiers together vertically. several products etc. Live load is the weight of equipment and workers on the scaffolding (per bay) 3. Example: If CRC is 100 tons, BLF is 1. The load carrying capacity of any support structure is dependent on several key factors: • Spacing between standards This presentation gives detailed training on the usage of scaffold and ladders in residential home construction. 3 Ladders which are to remain as a part of oflength ofspread ladder. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the intricacies of cantilever scaffolding, from its basic definition to its applications, advantages, and structural calculations. Therefore, the total number of acrow props required = 238 – 30 = 208 pieces. Scaffolding must be designed to support the weight of workers, materials, and tools, with a safety margin to account for dynamic loads. this means height can up to 4 times the minimal base width . wheel buckle scaffolding with 29. The template is based on mapping the geometry of equipment and other factors to man-hours of scaffold work. 3 Basing out 58 Scaffolding work means erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure that is or has been erected to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more than four metres from the platform or the structure. gov or . Rungs shall be 1-1/8 inch minimum diameter with atleast 7/8 inch in diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be. Stand-off: A horizontal strut to transmit both tension and compression forces to maintain the scaffolding upright. Or 2 times the stall load of the hoist. Other types of equipment, principally scissor lifts and aerial lifts, can be regarded as other types of supported scaffolds. 28 frames of the Huatraco HT101 model would be sufficient. Robust design made from drop forged steel or Pressed Steel for durability and reliability. 451(c)(2) • Platforms—Supported scaffold platforms shall be fully planked or decked. 44 tons. This will include, Load, slip PowerPoint Presentation. Dec 12, 2023 · Cantilever scaffolding is a crucial element in the construction and maintenance industry, providing unique solutions for accessing hard-to-reach areas. 055m (6 props) Width of lift and staircase area = 3. After you’ve created and finalized the BOM Scaffold Materials Calculation Sheet - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. 2008) * Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds Lock all casters before getting on a rolling tower. Select “Other Design” to launch the list of Wind load is a load generated by the force of wind. It explains factors that affect Jul 29, 2023 · Supported Scaffold: One or more platforms supported by rigid, load-bearing members, such as poles, posts, uprights, legs, frames and outriggers. 26 m -> 3. Scaffold Safety. May 25, 2015 •. CREATE ACCOUNT INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN. 29 pounds. Safety Factor = Breaking Strength / Working Load, For example, if the breaking strength is 10,000 pounds and the working load is 2,000 pounds, the safety factor would be 10,000 / 2,000 = 5. A scaffold is an elevated, temporary work platform. 20m from the wall. The maximum calculated load of 466 kg is less than the minimum rated capacity of 1250 kg for each scaffold, confirming the Shorelok System (Ring Lock) | Load Bearing | Horizontal Formwork Shorelok 60 Diagonal Brace Diagonal Braces are made from 48. CerTus SCAFFOLDING is the scaffold designer BIM authoring software. This document provides information on scaffold safety. 452 Additional Requirements 1926. The manufacturer uses the following load calculation: the load capacity is the scaffold weight capacity divided by the sum of the scaffold’s weight and the maximum intended load. Discover Scaffcalc, the leading scaffolding design software for precise scaffold designs, calculations, and compliance with scaffolding regulations. Follow the standardized scaffolding pattern while designing. 32 compared to the scaffolding The minimum width between side rails. Their function is to provide transverse and longitudinal bracing to the scaffold structure. Oct 5, 2012 · Scaffolding. Calculate load factor by dividing the total square footage building by the usable square footage. 29 CFR 1926 Subpart L. 10 Scaffolding over verandas, gantries or roofs 51 7. Technical specification of each components of scaffold. Mar 4, 2024 · Key Considerations for Scaffolding in Construction Load Capacity. there are three types of scaffolding. Sep 30, 2009 · 12 Cooling Load Calculations. xls), PDF File (. Casters shall remain locked while in use USA (v. Common scaffolding hazards like falls, collapse, and falling objects are examined A simulation template for predicting scaffold erection man-hour values for individual construction areas in an industrial project was developed in Simphony 4. fkqyjdmzmvxdnzxgkjgt