In this study, we have used intrinsic signal optical imaging (ISOI), a relatively high spatial resolution imaging technique, to examine the temporal resolution of the hemodynamic signal. The current optical imaging technique for mouse brain requires open-skull or thinned-skull operations [12–18, 66, 67]. It is therefore essential to comb the hair away from sources and detectors. Jan 1, 2002 · Fast optical imaging, and in particular the event-related optical signal (EROS, a technology that has emerged over the last 15 years) may provide descriptions of localized (to sub-cm level) brain Oct 1, 2019 · Vasculature and white matter tracts are considered to be the preferred and fastest routes for glioma invasion through brain tissue. There now exist several optical imaging methodolo- 36 gies, based on either hemodynamic changes in nervous tissue or neurally induced 37 light scattering changes, that can be used to measure ongoing activity in the brain. , voltage sensitive dyes), and the detailed images of neuronal structure and function provided with multiphoton imaging will allow researchers to address questions about cortex on multiple Abstract. 2 Modern Jul 30, 2010 · OPT imaging deeper than 0. g. Since the mid-1990s, an increasing number of researchers have used near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse optical imaging for human functional brain studies. A variety of imaging techniques have been developed to perform sectioning deep to the surface using optical, electrical, and magnetic contrast agents and recording methods. 4. First of all, LSI is a wide-field imaging technique used in various fields of optic medicine to analyze specific tissues and cell perfusion related to blood flow using speckle interference patterns of light. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising research tool for brain imaging and developmental biology. et al. However, theorizing about brain function has recently emphasized the importance of rapid (within 100 ms or so About this book. This book highlights the rapidly developing field of advanced optical methods for structural and functional brain imaging. Optical imaging of the functional architecture of cortex, based on intrinsic signals, is a useful tool for the study of the development, organization, and function of the living mammalian brain. This can also be considered as permeability of biological tissue to photons of different energy levels. Light-scattering in brain tissue is the toughest problem. In this study, we systematically quantified the routes and motility of the U251 human glioblastoma cell line in mouse brain slices by multimodal imaging. The optical and voxel resolutions of the imaging system have a significant impact on the imaging results. Light can be used to image microscopic structure and function in vivo in exposed Jun 25, 2021 · Modality of NIR-IIb fluorescent optical imaging. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) with ultrashort (i. Intraoperative optical intrinsic signal imaging (iOIS) provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine the basic physiology of the functioning human brain. Mar 31, 2023 · At present, in vivo optical imaging of cortical microvasculature and cells usually relies on various cranial windows, including open-skull glass window, 4,26 thinned-skull window, 3 and their variants. Its cost-efficient and safe profile facilitates easier clinical adoption by mitigating phototoxicity and the complications associated Mar 18, 2018 · This review focuses on optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based neurosurgical application for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. 1016/j. 27–29 The thinned-skull window is widely-used for brain imaging because it satisfies requirements for instant imaging. Specifically, we used polarization-sensitive optical It is a relatively simple step, conceptually speaking at least, to move from the simple NIRS point-measurement to a spatially resolved imaging of these same variables. State-of-the-art optical imaging and optical stimulation techniques that provide sub Nov 8, 2019 · Improved GEVIs and advances in optical imaging instrumentation have now expanded the use of voltage-imaging technologies from a small group of specialized laboratories to a broader range of brain Preface. Feb 1, 2017 · Several optical imaging techniques in neuroscience of recent years are overviewed, including brain clearing, the micro-optical sectioning tomography system, and deep tissue imaging. Similar to a computer, a functional brain is composed of hardware and software. It is indeed the most complex structure in the known universe and, thus, mapping of the brain has become one of the most exciting Fast optical imaging is a promising new tool for studying brain function, and in particular the time course of activity in selected cortical areas. In this manuscript, we present an optical projection tomography (OPT) method designed for imaging of the intact mouse brain. While this characterization is accurate in some contexts, recent studies have revealed that oligodendrocyte generation and patterns of myelination are dynamic and potentially modifiable throughout life. With a maximal May 22, 2019 · Imaging spatially and temporally distributed brain activity has revolutionized our understanding of the brain. Optical multilayer interference tomography (OMLIT) is a novel, promising imaging technique that enables the mapping and reconstruction of mesoscale all-cell brain atlases and is seamlessly compatible with Mar 7, 2024 · Optical-based imaging has improved from early single-location research to further sophisticated imaging in 2D topography and 3D tomography. Understanding how the brain functions is one of the grand challenges in modern scientific research. We compared fluorescence laminar optical tomography with maximum intensity projection imaging to simulate 2-D imaging, as this would be the most similar and stringent comparison. A hybrid prototype combining visible light optical coherence microscopy (OCM) and high-resolution fluorescence imaging for assessment of brain tumor samples acquired by 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) fluorescence-guided surgery offers potential to translate into an in vivo imaging setup for substantially improved intraoperative guidance of brain tumors surgeries. During the measurement of brain activation by diffuse optical imaging, the multiple source-detector probe pairs are attached to the scalp to measure the intensity change in the detected light caused by the local blood volume change in the cortical tissue associated with the brain activation. On the macroscale, widespread interregional communication among cortical and subcortical regions is involved in memory consolidation. 4–6 Villringer A, Chance B (1997) Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function. At the same time, iOIS poses challenges for acquisition, analysis, and interpretation that are over and above those encountered in any other intact in vivo brain mapping. Neuroimaging. It is becoming increasingly acknowledged that genetically encoded optical reporters, combined with advanced Jun 1, 2024 · Label-free optical imaging emerges as a pivotal tool in brain disease diagnosis, delivering high-resolution, real-time insights without the need for harmful dyes or radiation, significantly reducing patient risk. , order 100-fs) pulsed laser light provides optically sectioned images from depths of 500 microns or more . Phys Med Biol 50(4):R1–R43 Wide-field optical imaging techniques constitute powerful tools to investigate mesoscale neuronal activity. Myelin has traditionally been considered a static structure that is produced and assembled during early developmental stages. We propose a new method and optical instrumentation for mouse brain imaging based on extended-focus optical coherence microscopy. These techniques have the benefit of high specificity and non-radiative safety for brain detection and therapy. The objective of this Research Topic is to highlight the cutting-edge methods (e. Mar 26, 2024 · 3) Among these ways, optical imaging properties studied related to traumatic brain injury (TBI) are LSI and SFDI. Revascularization following brain trauma is crucial to the repair process. It is a useful imaging tool for noninvasive, in vivo, in s … Mar 1, 2017 · Abstract. We introduce an all-optical technique that enables volumetric imaging of brain-wide calcium activity and targeted optogenetic stimulation of specific brain regions in unrestrained larval zebrafish. 15), which offering a guideline for studies on TPFM imaging in brain (Shi, Rodríguez-Contreras, & Alfano, 2014). Advantages of the technique include noninvasivity, portability, good combination of spatial and temporal resolution, relatively low cost, and easy integration with other techniques, such as fMRI Aug 1, 2019 · In whole-brain optical imaging, the imaging parameters of the imaging system should be flexibly adjustable according to different requirements, i. Nov 2, 2020 · Our approach links cell-type-specific optical measurements of activity to the most widely used method for assessing human brain function. All biological tissue is, to differing extents, permeable to electromagnetic (EM) radiation of different frequencies and intensities. Optical approaches can achieve submicron lateral resolution and achieve “optical sectioning” by a variety of means, which has the Aug 17, 2016 · We understand that one of the challenges of optical brain imaging is to obtain in vivo signals. In-vivo imaging using light provides unprecedented sensitivity to functional changes through intrinsic contrast, and is rapidly exploiting the growing availability of exogenous optical contra … Strong light-scattering of neural tissue generally precluded optical imaging with cellular and subcellular resolution in the intact brain (with few exceptions in favorable cases [1]). The development of whole-brain optical imaging has resulted in an unprecedented amount of large-scale ana-tomical data, contributing to a method-driven renaissance in neuroanatomy [156]. Optical brain imaging has seen 30 years of intense development, and has grown into a rich and diverse field. Precise dissection of neural circuits at the mesoscopic level can provide important structural information for understanding the brain. 14, Fig. These are exciting times for the field of optical imaging of brain function. Great advancements in brain imaging during the last few decades have opened a large number of new possibilities for neuroscientists. In a typical diffuse optical imaging study of brain function, a grid of light sources and light detectors is positioned on the head of a subject as pictured in Figure 14. Red dots indicate source positions, and blue dots detector positions. The sampled data constitutes a sequence of image frames in which one can investigate the flow of brain activity starting and terminating at source and sink locations respectively. 3 However, skull has to Jun 20, 2021 · High-resolution multiscale optical and optoacoustic imaging of Aβ deposits across the entire brain in rodents thus facilitates the in vivo study of Aβ accumulation by brain region and by animal Combining the high-resolution spatial maps obtained with ISOI, for example, with the high temporal resolution offered by dye-based optical imaging (e. Jun 23, 2010 · Fast optical imaging, and in particular the event-related optical signal (EROS, a technology that has emerged over the last 15 years) may provide descriptions of localized (to sub-cm level) brain activity with a temporal resolution of less than 100 ms. 5 mm thick ex vivo rat brain tissue, we demonstrate photoacoustic tomography of cell membrane voltage responses beyond the optical diffusion limit. It provides an alternative to Jan 12, 2020 · No micro-hemorrhages, edema and necrosis were detected in H&E stainings. b 3D reconstruction of cerebral blood vessels of the rhesus macaque based on ICG-mediated NIR-II fluorescence confocal microscopic in vivo imaging up to depth of 470 μm. In recent years, three-dimensional mesoscopic imaging has gained significant importance in life sciences for fundamental studies at the whole-organ level. Unique Apr 24, 2023 · The mammalian brain, with its complexity and intricacy, poses significant challenges for researchers aiming to understand its inner workings. A major breakthrough in 1990 was the invention of two-photon excited fluorescence laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) [2], which enabled optical studies of brain The University of Minnesota's Medical Discovery Team (MDT) on Optical Imaging and Brain Science is a multi-disciplinary effort focused on mapping the detailed circuits that underlie sensation, perception and complex behaviors in the developing and mature brain. , the physical size of the target structure and the neurobiological application. proposed a platform for whole-brain imaging that combines serial sectioning of tissue vibrators with sorbitol-based optical clearing and sparse viral labeling techniques 42. 2008. Optical imaging techniques offer a suitable opportunity to record many activity foci simultaneously, but under conventional microscopy conditions, optical access is generally limited to the frontal part of the brain. In-vivo imaging using light provides unprecedented sensitivity to functional changes through intrinsic contrast, and is rapidly exploiting the growing availability of exogenous optical contrast agents. Brain Imaging We measure cortical hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy to understand how the brain functions. 1–4 The interacting brain systems supporting our thoughts and actions—from sensing the visual world, to communicating, to maintaining attention and control, to daydreaming or sleeping—are accessible to quantitative investigation through functional imaging techniques. 929199 Gibson AP, Hebden JC, Arridge SR (2005) Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging. Recently, near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging modalities including f … Jun 6, 2020 · The methods and protocols presented in this paper are instructional for optical imaging of cerebral blood flow in the awake mouse, which is expected to open new horizons in experimentation on awake behaving animals for the basic research of brain functions and drug developments. Trends Neurosci 20(10):435–442 Joebsis FF (1977) Science 198 (4323):1264–1267 DOI: 10. Optical Brain Imaging. The system consists of three main components: a 3D tracking module, a dual-color fluorescence imaging module, and a real-time activity Jun 20, 2024 · Brain imaging techniques take advantage of X-rays, radioactive labelling, magnetic fields induced by the brain’s electric activity, or optical absorption or paramagnetic properties of Jan 19, 2023 · Although optical imaging can benefit from clearing, the exact mechanisms of in vivo optical clearing are not yet understood. Basic Theory of fNIR Imaging. Here, changes in the radiation’s absorption or scattering allow for continuous in vivo assessment of regional neurometabolic and neurovascular activity. Near-infrared imaging of brain tumors using the Jan 22, 2016 · Diffuse optical imaging has been used to measure the localized hemodynamic responses to brain activation. 1. 1. e. 2 MFP is possible and has been applied to uncleared samples in vivo, for example, in imaging growing mouse limb buds 14, but in this case the corresponding images appear Jan 1, 2021 · As for mapping large-scale neural circuits in the intact mouse brain (Figure (Figure1A, 1 A, bottom panel), Economo et al. Current trends in intraoperative optical imaging for functional brain mapping and delineation of lesions of language cortex Neuroimage . These data enable brain-wide quan-titative profiling of cells, circuits, and brain vascular struc-tures. An instrument for non-invasive optical imaging of the human brain that produces on-line images with a temporal resolution of 160 ms with real-time videos of the arterial pulsation and motor activation recorded on a 4 x 9 cm 2 area of the cerebral cortex in a healthy human subject. Multimodal and multiscale optical imaging showed that sonopermeation promoted the accumulation of nanocarriers in mouse brains, and that 10 nm-sized polymeric DDS accumulated more strongly and penetrated deeper into the brain than 100 nm-sized liposomes. This neuronal activity is transduced into an optical signal by either intrinsic or extrinsic reporters and interpreted as changes in the intensity of captured light ( Frostig, 2009 , Grinvald et al. neuroimage. Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared. This field has continued to rapidly advance in both its theoretical and technical domains, and its contributions to brain research continue to considerably advance our understanding of brain function. Besides passive recording of brain electric or magnetic activity, also non-ionizing electromagnetic or optical radiation can be used for real-time brain imaging. 2009 Aug;47 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):T116-26. Automated whole-brain optical imaging methods based on tissue clearing or histological sectioning surpass the limitation of optical imaging depth in biological tissues and can provide delicate structural information in a large volume of tissues. Keywords Brain imaging Tissue clearing MOST Optical microscopy Deep tissue imaging Introduction The brain is a complex organ composed of neurons, glia, microglia, and vascular tissues. To overcome the difficulty in successful brain imaging applications, we May 18, 2014 · High-resolution diffuse optical tomography employing a large array of light sources and detectors arranged around the head can perform functional brain imaging. Introduction. The system features an isotropic resolution of ~50 µm Jun 1, 2021 · This review focuses on recent technological advances in optical volumetric imaging, with an emphasis on the tools and methods for enhancing imaging speed, depth, and resolution. Butte, P. This in vivo imaging technique allows the evaluation of the cytoarchitecture at cellular level and the circulation system dynamics in three dimensions. They have employed the technique Aug 1, 2022 · Optical imaging and manipulation in parallel with electrophysiological recordings can elucidate spatiotemporal brain dynamics for memory processing at multiple scales during the sleep/wake cycle. Expand. DOI employs safe levels of optical radiation in the wavelength region 650–950 nm, where the relatively low attenuation of light accounts for an optical penetration through several centimeters of tissue. However, the current OCM-based techniques are mainly limited to providing the tissue's optical properties, such as the attenuation coefficient, scattering Jul 14, 2010 · High-density diffuse optical imaging. This protocol introduces a method for creating a substantially larger 7 mm x 6 mm cranial window exposing most of a cerebral hemisphere over the mouse temporal and parietal May 22, 2019 · The wearable, portable nature of optical technologies opens the door to bedside and minimally constrained imaging of functional brain health, 25–28 in settings more ecologically natural than MRI. The field of neurophotonics is built upon continuous technological advances in light microscopy. To study this interplay and test network level models, imaging techniques are required to capture dynamics of neural interaction. doi: 10. However, high-resolution brain imaging through intact animal skulls re-mains challenging for pure optical modalities because the op-tical scattering and absorption of the skull degrade the imag-ing resolution and signal-to-noise ratio SNR . Combined with various fluorescent labeling techniques, whole-brain optical imaging methods have Dec 15, 1991 · Abstract. 1126/science. This may explain why, despite a profusion of optical imaging papers Dec 15, 1991 · Abstract. Sep 16, 2023 · The mammalian brain is a highly complex network that consists of millions to billions of densely-interconnected neurons. They have employed the technique Apr 3, 2023 · These optical imaging technologies have enormously expanded the research of neuroscience and brain disease across multiple scales, from the molecular and cellular level to the whole brain level. Genetically encoded reporters of neural activity have great promise as tools for imaging brain function in vivo. 24,29–33 Given these strengths, fNIRS technologies are uniquely suited to studies involving infants and toddlers, 25,34–39 and they are ideal Oct 1, 1993 · Functional brain mapping with an optical imaging technique by using tissue-transparent near-infrared light shows that there were regional variations of the oxygen delivery-oxygen utilization relationship during activation of brain activity. Jan 1, 2011 · Abstract. However, their performance is limited by complex tissue structures. 066. , methodological improvements, new algorithms, validation studies Advances in brain imaging facilitate the understanding of cognitive phenomena and neurological diseases. In addition to haemodynamic and ‘intrinsic signal’ optical imaging, the exposed brain can also be imaged to capture a range of dynamic changes in fluorescence contrast including voltage [1,59] and calcium sensitive dyes [24,60,61], genetically encoded calcium [62–65] and voltage indicators [66–68] and intrinsic fluorophores as markers Oct 20, 2005 · Optical imaging of the functional architecture of cortex, based on intrinsic signals, is a useful tool for the study of the development, organization, and function of the living mammalian brain. 38 These include the techniques of intrinsic signal optical imaging, near-infrared optical 39 imaging, fast optical imaging Cognitive processes and other advanced neural functions rely on spatial and temporal interplay within linked neural networks. Increasingly it is also being used for quantitative research studies of brain disease and Neurofeedback*. Jun 23, 2010 · Finally, a practical problem in most brain optical imaging studies is the presence of hair, which, depending on the color, may absorb a large proportion of the light used for the measurement, thus greatly limiting our ability to image brain activity. Hemodynamic-based brain imaging techniques are typically incapable of monitoring brain activity with both high spatial and high temporal resolutions. Of the many available imaging techniques, including PET, MRI, MEG, and EEG, recent developments in optical techniques offer significant Dec 1, 2017 · Abstract. Jan 1, 2004 · Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are emerging techniques used to study neural activity in the human brain. Jul 25, 2014 · Although there is a variety of optical imaging modalities that are used for this purpose, Similar color coding schemes have become popular in brain perfusion imaging using X-ray Jan 1, 2010 · Optical imaging of the human brain can be performed during neurosurgical operations. The major bottleneck lies in the Jan 1, 2021 · The optical characteristics of the Gaussian laser beam in TPFM, including the focus depth, spot size, and intensity profile, were further studied in theory in rat brain microvessel (Fig. OMAG is a volumetric optical imaging method capable of in vivo mapping of localized blood perfusion within the scanned tissue beds down to Abstract. Nov 3, 2023 · Summary. This minimally invasive and non-contact approach is optical imaging techniques in neuroscience of recent years, including brain clearing, the micro-optical sectioning tomography system, and deep tissue imaging. Here, changes in the radiation's absorption or scattering allow for continuous in vivo assessment of regional neurometabolic Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive, non-ionizing method for measuring and imaging the functional hemodynamic response to brain activity. This principle constitutes the basis of all Nov 11, 2016 · Abstract. 2018 ). 27 –29 The thinned-skull window is widely-used for brain imaging because it satisfies requirements for instant imaging. Apr 9, 2021 · For use with in vivo optical imaging, one virus has been demonstrated to target brain mural cells. This virus is the adeno-associated virus 2/5 (AAV2/5) serotype carrying a Pdgfrb promoter for the expression of the GCaMP6s calcium indicator in vascular mural cells (Khennouf et al. 1 Technological breakthroughs in optical imaging are constantly changing the way neural circuits can be examined and visualized. The main limitations of EROS are its limited penetration, which allows us to image cortical Aug 17, 2016 · Optical imaging of biological tissues, such as brain imaging in vivo, requires the recording of submicron fine structures and time-varying functional information in a strong scattering background Jun 1, 2017 · In optical imaging, the brain is illuminated with light and imaged to detect neuronal activity at the population level. a In vivo mouse brain vessel imaging using a cerium-doped rare earth nanoparticle. V. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is applied to functional brain imaging in living mice. The present paper demonstrates functional brain mapping with an optical imaging technique by using tissue-transparent near-infrared light. 07. Jan 31, 2000 · Engineering, Medicine, Physics. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new optical imaging technique for mapping neural activity that measures hemodynamic changes in the cerebral cortex associated with resting or evoked brain activity. Near-infrared light can propagate several centimeters through the scalp and skull, and spectroscopically interrogate the concentrations of oxygenated (HbO), deoxygenated (HbR), and This report is the second part of a comprehensive two-part series aimed at reviewing an extensive and diverse toolkit of novel methods to explore brain health and function. , 2016 , Kalatsky and Dec 25, 2018 · By imaging HEK-293 cell clusters through 4. OCT has emerged as one of the most innovative and successful translational biomedical-diagnostic techniques. We used optical micro-angiography (OMAG) to study endogenous revascularization in living mice following brain injury. Often sources and detectors enables reconstruction of diffuse optical images of a large area of the brain. Thus, the description of these techniques and their Neuroimaging. Ever since Antoni van Leeuwenhoek observed cells under an early microscope, optical microscopy remains the key instrument in neuroscience. Serving as a three-dimensional optical biopsy technique, OCT provides volumetric reconstruction of brain tissues and embryonic structures with micrometer resolution and video rate imaging speed. The surgery is either severely or mildly traumatic. As is known, the brain is the most poorly understood organ of a living body. Approach: A capillary filled with a photosensitizer was placed in a phantom and ex vivo rodent brains, with fluorescence laminar optical tomography and maximum Oct 6, 2023 · Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has shown the importance of imaging ex vivo brain slices at the microscopic level for a better understanding of the disease pathology and mechanism. (A) Schematic of a subsection of a high-density grid. 3 However, skull has Optical imaging of intrinsic signals maps the brain by measuring intrinsic activity-related changes in tissue light reflectance and absorbance. This relatively noninvasive technique is based on small activity-dependent changes of the optical properties of cortex. TLDR. The most dominant methodologies (electrophysiological and magnetic resonance-based methods) emphasize temporal and spatial information, respectively. While the first report focused on neurophotonic tools mostly applicable to animal studies, here, we highlight optical spectrosc … Jan 1, 2021 · Abstract. Reproducible labeling of specific cell types and the continuous presence of indicators for long-term experiments are the most prominent advantages of this new methodology. In spite of large sources of noise it is possible to obtain maps of somatosensory, motor and language cortices. As the control center of organisms, the brain remains little understood due to its complexity. Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner. A near-diffraction-limited bright-field optical illumination is employed to achieve micrometer lateral resolution, and a dual-wavelength measurement is utilized to extract the blood oxygenation information. Taking advantage of imaging methods, scientists have found an accessible approach to unraveling the mystery of Sep 4, 2021 · With its multiscale imaging capabilities comprising rich optical contrast, high spatial resolution, and imaging rate, PAI sits at a unique position to directly visualize key parameters of brain Mar 6, 2024 · 1. In mouse research, most labs utilize a small craniotomy, typically 3 mm x 3 mm. Thus, even for cases in which optical recordings have delivered substantial data, our knowledge of deeper layers is deficient. Simultaneous widefield calcium imaging and fMRI provide May 7, 2017 · The craniotomy is a commonly performed procedure to expose the brain for in vivo experiments. Malignant brain tumors, a heterogeneous group of primary and metastatic neoplasms in the central nervous system (CNS), are notorious for their highly invasive and devastating characteristics, dismal prognosis and low survival rate. Functional physiological phenomena, such as changes in local blood volume, hemoglobin oxygenation, and light scattering, that are coupled to neuronal activity, result in intrinsic tissue light sources and detectors enables reconstruction of diffuse optical images of a large area of the brain. mp qy mu ae fo eh an vi nw qt