Esp32 internal clock

The ESP32 has an internal real time clock (RTC), which is used for the Dclock, but the RTC is not very accurate. It is about some hidden or should I say unexplored features of es {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"libraries/WiFi/examples/ETH_LAN8720_internal_clock":{"items":[{"name":"ETH_LAN8720_internal_clock. 3V Aug 25, 2021 · This is one of the rare super-standard-examples I have a ready to use code for. The faster the clock rate is, the faster the ADC will finish every single A/D conversion process. Dividing by ESP32 is a series of low cost, low power system on a chip microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. [中文] The clock subsystem of ESP32-S3 is used to source and distribute system/module clocks from a range of root clocks. Overview. Hi, welcome back to my channel. I am using the ESP32-S3 (ESP32-S3-WROOM-1U-N4R2), and we need an accurate RTC. Releases Once the ESP32 is connected to the network, we use the configTime() function to initialize the NTP client and obtain the date and time from the NTP server. DateTime = GetDateTimeFromInternet(); rtc. It is an optional signal depending on the slave side, mainly used for offering a reference clock to the I2S Feb 18, 2021 · Using ArduinoProject Guidance. A single I2C controller can be a master or a slave. The system needs to actuate two 220vac motorised ball valves, with SSR relays, to fill and empty a water vessel from a header tank. That's how I set time. 2 System Clock 40 3. #include <WiFi. Feb 8, 2021 · gilshultz February 8, 2021, 10:01pm 3. However, the frequency stability of this clock source is affected by temperature fluctuations, so time may drift in both Deep-sleep and Light-sleep modes. If you want to get date and time separately, you need to split that string. The connection between 16X2 I2C LCD and ESP32 is fairly simple. 5. h. Compatibility. So, it will use 7 pins. You are probably going to need more then code, you will probably have to modify your board. As I don't want to use an external (DS3231 for example) RTC, I'd like to know lire about this. But it is a dev kit, so not really a design Nov 11, 2022 · 1. I2C is a serial, synchronous, multi-device, half-duplex communication protocol that allows co-existence of multiple masters and slaves on the same bus. 5MHz clock ESP32 - OLED Clock. Copy the code below into the “ digiclock. // Please double check your device datasheet. We use the ABS07-32. No need to have an external PSTN clock with a battery to keep the time up to date if you can retrieve it from Mar 16, 2018 · Relevant settings: Component config->ESP32-specific->"Timers used for gettimeofday" and "RTC clock source". You can actually control the F CLK for the ESP32 ADC by changing the clock frequency division factor. Clock generator SRAM RNG In-Package Flash or PSRAM Timers ESP32FunctionalBlockDiagram EspressifSystems 2 ESP32-S0WD(NRND) Singlecore v1. 3 Reset and Clock 39 3. The ILI9341 colour display is, around €10, very cheap but not very fast. This is compounded by the fact that the internal oscillator is calibrated when the chip is active (as opposed to in deep sleep), which increases the chip's temperature. Expressif the fabless manufacturer of the ESP32 has some good information at this link: How the built-in RTC works - ESP32 Forum. 1 APB_CLK 42 Espressif Systems 3 Submit Documentation Feedback ESP32 TRM (Version 5. 1 Introduction 40 3. This document starts with the introduction to root and module clocks. 743 -> Wake #0 Oct 7, 2017 · To test the code, simply upload it to your ESP32 board and open the Arduino IDE serial monitor. ESP32 Development Board (US$ 8. Postby doanerock » Sun Sep 01, 2019 6:16 pm. Introduction. Connect the GND to GND. Dec 14, 2022 · Real Time Clock with ESP32 using DS1307 Module and ESP-IDF. And from my search, I found that I have to build ESP32 Arduino Core with ESP-IDF and replace static libraries, which also affects my other projects, too. 52) 0. Set and retrieve internal RTC time on ESP32 boards. There are some interrupt inputs that can be used to have the RTC wake up the main processor. RES pin of OLED -> PIN D2 of ESP32. 168. Connections with ESP32 are given as: CS (Chip select) pin of OLED -> PIN D5 of ESP32. 2 Reset Source 39 3. The clock tree driver maintains the basic functionality of the system clock and the intricate relationship among module clocks. I am trying to design a system to manage a timed process which runs over a 30 hour process. de N0KCL. At its heart, there's a dual-core or single-core Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor with a clock rate of up to 240 MHz. We will build and create a project in VS Code with ESP-IDF extension. In the Component config > Ethernet menu: Under Support ESP32 internal EMAC controller sub-menu: In the PHY interface, select Reduced Media Independent Interface (RMII), ESP-IDF currently only support RMII mode. But all those libraries including Espressif SDK synchronize clock with plus minus 1 second accuracy, what is enough for most projects. ESP32 Internet Based Clock – Getting Time from NTP Server NTP is a standard internet protocol that is widely used to synchronize computer clocks to a reference network. Esp32; // The I2C pins 21 and 22 in the sample below are ESP32 specific and may differ from other platforms. The two colons are connected to the phone and transmit the minutes and seconds to the other units using the esp32’s own communication protocol called ESPNOW. Clock Tree. Mar 29, 2024 · The ESP32’s internal RTC (Real-Time Clock) is a built-in feature that helps the device keep track of time even when it’s not connected to the internet or powered off. Hardware. 0/v1. There a lot of unknowns at this point. How to use it: Load this sketch on a ESP32 board using the Arduino IDE 1. 4 Peripheral Clock 42 3. The DS3231 RTC has a built-in alarm functions as well as temperature sensor with a resolution of 0. Aug 30, 2023 · I tested it on ESP32-S3, but it should be valid for the ESP32-C3 as well. Configure MAC and PHY. Apr 11, 2023 · 5. 1) What is more, if you are not using PSRAM in your design, GPIO16 and GPIO17 are also available to output the reference clock. // digiclock. 3. 2: ESP32-S3 supports an external 32. All we need to do is to setup our timezone and which NTP servers we want to use. This is a work in progress rewrite of my original WiFi Clock. If you want to "preserved" the RTC time: use an external RTC module; use an external GPS module (requires to be outdoor); call an NTP service to set the time after reset; don't unplug it or don't reset it, put it in deep Aug 21, 2022 · We will use DS3231 Real Time Clock (RTC) module to keep track of the correct time & date & display it on OLED Display using ESP32 as our microcontroller. However, as frequency stability is affected by temperature fluctuations, time may drift in both Deep and Light sleep modes. 7 page 6 Figure 6. 4. ESP32 Arduino: External interrupts . So I am aware that if the esp32 looses power it looses time. 99) 1 x LED (optional) 2 x Resistors: 330 ohm and 10K ohm. The external RTC clock source is used to improve the timing accuracy and thus reduce the average power consumption, but will not affect the functionality. Typically, an I2C slave device has a 7-bit address or 10-bit address. h implementation, what gives less sense to use external libraries. ino ” file, compile it and upload it to the CrowPanel 3. No need for external RTC module or NTP time synchronization Set and retrieve internal RTC time on ESP32 boards Getting Started ESP32 / ESP32S : • CP2102 USB-to-Serial Bridge Driver In Set The clock subsystem of ESP32 is used to source and distribute system/module clocks from a range of root clocks. Related posts. Below is a valid example of instantiating an RTC object, setting the time, and retrieving the current date-time in ESP8266 and ESP32. I was looking for a straightforward clock to use with a 128×64 OLED I got from Adafruit but found that a lot of the implementations were too cumbersome, involved a ton of code, weren’t clear on what NTP servers to use and PixelIt is an ESP8266/ESP32 and WS2812B LED Matrix based PixelArt display - pixelit-project/PixelIt. 8V/3. For the "RTC internal to the ESP32 has no battery backup option" I plan on having a rechargeable 18650 for any times that wall power is lost. Share. Mar 25, 2024 · However, since internal timekeeping of ESP32 drifts a fair amount, I want to autoconnect to the internet when the day changes (i. The frequency deviation depends on an RTC Clock Source and affects accuracy only The ESP32's internal RTC clock, while capable of maintaining time during deep sleep, may experience drift over time due to temperature fluctuations and other factors. Potentiometer: 10K ohm. Connect Driver to TCP/IP Stack. 1 Introduction 39 3. 91 inch 128x32 I2C IIC Serial Blue OLED LCD Display (US$2. Learn how to get time, date, day of week, month, year in ESP32 using Real-Time Clock DS3231 module, how to program ESP32 step by step. Connect the RED and BLACK wires from the USB split cable to the GND and +5 and V_IO pins of the display, it needs a full 5V of power to work. 98) DHT22/AM2302 Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor (US$ 9. What is odd is that the WROVER kit doesn't have this resistor. The LSI can be used to clock the RTC, the low-power timers, and the independent watchdog. In deepsleep of 24 hours, ESP32 Wakeup earlier, due to inaccurate internal rtc clock, So If we can use external rtc crystal, it will be more accurate. Root clocks generate reliable clock signals. You should get an output similar to figure 1, where the messages should be printed with a periodicity of 1 second. Feb 28, 2020 · The issue only slows up when you put the ESP32 into deep sleep. load time from eeprom. - "Internal 150kHz oscillator" option provides lowest deep sleep current consumption, and does not require extra external components. That is actually way easier on the ESP32 than on other micro controllers. Loading the ESP32 Pacman Clock Code . Solder and connect the Pins according the schematic. The RTC timer has the following clock sources: Internal 136 kHz RC oscillator (default): Features the lowest Deep-sleep current consumption and no dependence on any external components. Postby hunter » Tue Jun 06, 2023 7:44 pm. ino","path The non-working ones are not really that much of a problem: the unit will start using its internal 150kHz internal oscillator to perform RTC related functions. I'm planning on using ESP32. By synchronizing the RTC with an NTP server, you can ensure that the RTC remains accurate and aligned with a reliable time source. The first esp32 is connected to the phone and displaying the hour it pulls from an ntp server on the OLED. Mar 28, 2019 · The ESP32 datasheet says "The parallel resistor R4 is used for biasing the crystal circuit (5 MΩ < R4 ⩽ 10 MΩ). 13 posts. The detail instruction, code, wiring diagram, video tutorial, line-by-line code explanation are provided to help you quickly get started with ESP32. Oct 1, 2023 · The program enters an infinite loop, printing the IP information of the connected ESP32 device every 10 seconds. Connect the SCL/SDA Pins from the display to the ESP32. localtime(&sec); //set time. I'm having troubles finding anything beside "RTC shields on Wemos/Arduino" or "NTP This ESP32-C3 program is able to connect to a NTP service on the internet and is attached to an ILI9314 display to print the time as text. 25 and an accuracy of ±3°C which make this project Oct 15, 2023 · From the ESP32-S3 documentation in section 2. e. First connect the GND of the ESP32 to the GND of the LED Ring (blue wire). May 19, 2024 · Wiring the LED Ring Clock. 2. On the boards where the crystals do operate there is no problem either: they simply work and quite accurately as well. There are the following two time sources: RTC timer: Allows keeping the system time during any resets and sleep modes, only the power-up reset leads to resetting the RTC timer. This pdf states that ESP8266 has an internal clock. In this tutorial, we are going to make an “ESP8266-ESP01 Local Time Internet Clock With OLED SSD1306”. With a precision of approximately 50ms over the wide-area network (WAN) and less than 5ms over the local area network (LAN), it synchronizes epoch/current time of all This simple calibration improved the ESP32 clock drift from 8 minutes per day to just 8 seconds per day, without any additional hardware or increase in power consumption. , midnight) and follow the previous steps to update the internal ESP32 to keep the clock more accurate. The ESP32 ADC (SAR Type) does the conversion on multiple clock cycles depending on the resolution of the conversion. In that mode, the 40MHz crystal doesn't run anymore (and the LEDC doesn't either) so the RTC uses either an (imprecise) internal clock reference, or an external 32KHz reference. const byte OnBoard_LED = 2; Some ESP32 IOs have internal pullups or pulldowns, which are enabled by default. Connecting the WS2812 LED Ring to the ESP32 is simple. Sep 12, 2023 · The ESP32 RTC module only has a timer that runs even in hibernation mode as well as some RAM that it can retain in deep sleep mode. ESP32 Oscilloscope Clock using internal DACs, with WiFi ntp sync. STM32 devices embed an ultra-low-power RC oscillator, which is available in all modes except Shutdown and VBAT. 7v battery the accuracy is worse in my case it's 162 seconds for 5 hours which is not acceptable, adding external hardware like DS3231 is not good idea when to keep project size compact, small and lower cost. " And the image shows the R4 resistor is external to the ESP32 in the ESP32 Hardware Design Guidelines V2. /* This sketch shows how to configure different external or internal clock sources for the Ethernet PHY */ #include <ETH. By default this sketch May 16, 2019 · choice ESP32_RTC_CLOCK_SOURCE prompt "RTC clock source" default ESP32_RTC_CLOCK_SOURCE_INTERNAL_RC help Choose which clock is used as RTC clock source. ESP-IDF provides a set of consistent and flexible APIs to support both internal Ethernet MAC (EMAC) controller and external SPI-Ethernet modules. Thanks Idahowalker. We will use ds1307 driver written by UncleRus. Protoboards. 5 MHz oscillator, divided by 256 (~33 kHz) that has better stability without needing an external crystal. 5″ Display comes with a resistive touch screen that you need to calibrate first, before you can used it with the TFT_eSPI library. ESP32 has 2 I2C controller (also called port), responsible May 2, 2023 · LSI is a low-speed internal clock RC oscillator, with a frequency of 40 kHz, providing a low-power clock. When turning the power button on, press the button (S1) and hold it in 1S; Release the S1 button, use mobile phone or PC to connect the WiFi "Makerfabs_ap". This ensures that the analog clock displayed on the OLED screen is always precise and in sync with global time standards. Figure 1 – Output of the timer interrupts program. Today's video is not about a particular project using esp32. This programming guide is split into the following sections: Basic Ethernet Concepts. The ESP32 series employs either a Tensilica Xtensa LX6, Xtensa LX7 or a RiscV processor, and both dual-core and single-core variations are available. I2C uses two bidirectional open-drain lines: serial data line (SDA) and serial clock line (SCL), pulled up by resistors. It’s like a tiny clock inside the ESP32 that runs independently. The LSI consumption is typically 110 nA. SDA pin of OLED -> PIN D23 i. I know that using an external RTC or an external crystal is the most accurate, but perhaps the internal RTC is accurate enough for my using nanoFramework. On the GitHub page of Mauro Pintus, there is a detailed description and code that use internal DACs of ESP32 microcontroller and WiFi ntp clock sync. struct timeval val; loadStruct(&local); // e. rtc = RTC () rtc. Aug 6, 2020 · One thing I need is time (current, either epoch or DST) - so I implemented NTP, but everytime my ESP is waking up after deep-sleep, it needs to reconnect to wifi, gather time, measure temperature, send results. For this clock it is not an issue. printf ("new ESP32 internal time: %s", asctime (esptm)); // new ESP32 internal time: Sun Jul 17 13:14:29 2022 return 0; } // StartRTC is this can be done with DS3231 could you please help to do the same but with ds3231 which the one available here Aug 21, 2022 · Thus a simple internet clock using ESP32 can be made. No need for external RTC module or NTP time synchronization. Connect the SDA & SCL pin of I2C LCD to GPIO21 & GPIO22 of ESP32 respectively. In this tutorial, we will guide you through the process of creating an OLED clock using an ESP32 by covering the following steps: Reading the current time (hour, minute, second) from a DS3231 RTC module and displaying it on an OLED. joatmon13 February 18, 2021, 10:35pm 1. According to the manufacturer's link below, the default RTC timekeeping in the ESP32 is supposedly based on Internal 150 kHz RC oscillator. Connect the GND of the ESP32 to the GND of the Display as well. It's being rewritten to use my zIOTBP32 Biolerplate which enabled a soft AP for confiuguring WiFi access as well as many other quality of life features. Author: fbiego. As you noted, too, the clock drift is strongly temperature-dependent. Using the third way of generating the reference clock, I won't really need the 50 MHz of the external oscillator I can use the ESP32 internal PLL to generate the reference clock and avoid the headache of GPIO0 all together. h". As long as the WLAN-connection is active the time is synchronised through the WLAN-connection. Type the IP "192. Nov 14, 2021 · There are five high-level steps to getting the ESP32 Pacman Clock working correctly. 3 CPU Clock 41 3. At the hardware I have connected a 32. With synchronization of the RTC with the internet time two times a day, accuracy is within 1 to 3 seconds late - good enough I think. 1" to Chrome or other browsers on your phone to enter the server. ESP32 internal RTC do not preserved the settings with hard reset, ESP32 RTC time however is preserved during deep sleep. 15 — QFN5*5 1. Jan 19, 2017 · Re: [Video] ESP32 - DS1307 real time clock Post by kolban » Thu Aug 17, 2017 3:28 am I've always needed a logic analyzer (about $5-$10 on ebay) to debug I2C or SPI issues. Set the ESP32 WiFi credential for connecting WiFi. Apr 11, 2023 · The RTC timer has the following clock sources: Internal 150 kHz RC oscillator (default): Features the lowest Deep-sleep current consumption and no dependence on any external components. ESP32 has 2 I2C controller (also called port), responsible for handling communication on the I2C bus. Reading the current time (hour, minute, second) from a DS1307 RTC module and displaying it on Oct 4, 2023 · In the context of the ESP32 project mentioned earlier, the ESP32 uses NTP servers to synchronize its internal clock with the most accurate time available on the internet. 8. 378Hz crystal clock at pin 8 (IO15) and pin 9 (IO16). And finally connect GPIO3 of the ESP32 via a 220Ω resistor to DIN of the WS2812. h>. The clock settings are hardcoded into libesp32. 3. a, and although they can be configured by code after the fact, the changes are lost after a deepsleep wake when the hardcoded values are loadef again. 768 kHz crystal or an external signal (e. 1. const time_t sec = mktime(&local); // make time_t. There's no "wall clock" or "calendar" in the ESP32 RTC module. (internal clock) 0. ESP32-C3’s root clocks are listed in soc_root_clk_t: This RC oscillator generates a ~17. Releases May 16, 2022 · 4. I cannot find anywhere that states the accuracy of the RTC Clock when the Internal 8. I use UDP for my timing, it is fast and accurate. unsigned long MyTestTimer = 0; // variables MUST be of type unsigned long. How to update the internal time of the ESP32 from the NTP server. Maintainer: fbiego. [中文] The clock subsystem of ESP32-C3 is used to source and distribute system/module clocks from a range of root clocks. getFormattedDate(); The date and time are returned in the following format: 2018-04-30 T 16:00:13 Z. 7 See Andreas Spiess video linked below if you don't know how to Feb 5, 2019 · The ESP32 has a built in Real Time Clock (RTC) not to be confused with RTC ram which is used by the ULP ( Ultra Low Power core). Using a Mobile Device to setup Wifi Router access for the Clock so it can synchronize the time . The ESP32-Arduino framework has already integrated functions to update the internal RTC with the time from a NTP server. Step 2: Wire Solder the Components. However Basic digital clock synced with Internet via NTP and configured via the serial console using a basic CLI - hpsaturn/esp32-s3-clock Aug 2, 2023 · Introduction. RTC Clock Source¶ The RTC timer has the following clock sources: Internal 150kHz RC oscillator (default): Features lowest deep sleep current consumption and no dependence on any external components. An I2S bus that communicates in standard or TDM mode consists of the following lines: MCLK: Master clock line. These clock signals then pass through various gates, muxes, dividers, or multipliers to become the clock sources for every functional module: the CPU core (s), WIFI, BT, the RTC, and the peripherals. So in case of a power loss, the time will be loaded from the EEPROM. DateTime = new DateTime( 2021, 9, 8, 10, 11, 12 ); Step 1: BoM - Bill of Material. Calibrating the touch screen . It obviously can’t match the very low drifts of temperature-compensated oscillators, but it may be “good enough” for your project. 2 Clock Source 41 3. Nov 30, 2023 · 6. The printLocalTime() function calls the getLocalTime() function internally. The RTC timer has the following clock sources: Internal 90 kHz RC oscillator (default): Features the lowest Deep-sleep current consumption and no dependence on any external components. datetime ( (2022, 7, 25, 1, 1, 30, 42, 0)) # set date and time. If an external circuit drives this pin in Deep-sleep mode, current consumption may increase due to current flowing through these pullups and pulldowns. This library is compatible with all architectures so you should be able to use it on all the Arduino boards. The alternative IC for DS3231 is DS1307. Nov 14, 2015 · The ESP32 family includes the chips ESP32-D0WDQ6 (and ESP32-D0WD), ESP32-D2WD, ESP32-S0WD, and the system in package (SiP) ESP32-PICO-D4. This Rust code sets up an ESP32 microcontroller as a web server. The LCD requires 5V VCC. So, connect its VCC pin to Vin pin of ESP32. 2. Getting your Computer ready to upload code . Apparently, there is another option called Internal 8. In the RMII clock mode, select one of the source that RMII clock (50MHz) comes from: Input RMII clock from external or Output RMII Clock Tree. 4. 1. To isolate a pin to prevent extra current draw, call rtc_gpio_isolate() function. These peripherals can be configured to input and output sample data via the I2S driver. Mauro Pintus , Milano 2018/05/25. (Updated at 12/28/2022) With a simple internet connection, it is possible to calibrate the internal clock of the ESP32 and thus have the time up to date. serial. It establishes a This is the simplest way to generate an analog clock on the oscilloscope display. Some time ago ESP32 and ESP8266 SDKs include NTP and time tracking internal functions, including Posix compliant Time. . 5″ Display. Jun 18, 2018 · Here, we are using SPI mode to connect our 128×64 OLED display Module (SSD1306) to ESP32. log. ESP8266 and ESP32 both have single built-in RTCs. 1 System Reset 39 3. When no connection is made the clock runs on the internal RTC but will drift. The choice depends on the application purpose and accuracy requirements for system time. A WiFi enabled smart-clock for ESP32 development boards. fbiego/ESP32Time Library (for ESP32 internal RTC) Clock-conditioning NTP for ESP32 seems like a good thing for applications with the power to feed it. Then, convert the date and time to a readable format with the getFormattedDate () method: formattedDate = timeClient. 18 (2022-04-04) (o0shojo0o) added option The RTC timer has the following clock sources: Internal 90 kHz RC oscillator (default): Features the lowest Deep-sleep current consumption and no dependence on any external components. from machine import RTC. Then connect the 5V from the ESP32 to the 5V input of the WS2812 LED Ring. #include "tft_setup. Jul 18, 2023 · Postby ESPIRIT » Tue Jul 18, 2023 9:17 am. The problem is that the clock is very inaccurate. 23:59:56. Nov 23, 2017 · ESP32 accuracy on main power is very good but when in deep sleep on 3. 768KHZ-T crystal and have load capacitors of 15pF. Jun 1, 2024 · The CrowPanel 3. Using the ESP32 ULP core (that's core #3) you can get accurate deep sleep GPIO thingies. , an oscillator) to act as the RTC sleep clock. Dec 28, 2022 · Get the exact date and time with an ESP32 from an NTP server with Arduino code. h> /* * ETH_CLOCK_GPIO0_IN - default: external clock from crystal oscillator * ETH_CLOCK_GPIO0_OUT - 50MHz clock from internal APLL output on GPIO0 - possibly an inverter is needed for LAN8720 * ETH_CLOCK_GPIO16_OUT - 50MHz ESP32 contains two I2S peripheral(s). g. MOSI of ESP32. Then it covers the clock tree APIs Jan 16, 2020 · Serial. 2 Clock Usage. I thought this wouldn't be too difficult, but time displayed on my LED clock still drifts. [中文] The clock subsystem of ESP32-S2 is used to source and distribute system/module clocks from a range of root clocks. References The RTC timer has the following clock sources: Internal 136 kHz RC oscillator (default): Features the lowest Deep-sleep current consumption and no dependence on any external components. using (Pcf8563 rtc = new Pcf8563(device)) // set Pcf8563 dateTime // rtc. Report comment. Jun 6, 2023 · ESP32 ~ RTC Clock Accuracy. DC pin of OLED -> PIN D4 of ESP32. Jan 31, 2019 · I wanted to store the time in the EEPROM and only sync time via ntp rarely. The oscilloscope should be two-channel, one channel for the "x" axis and the other for "y". ino. Getting date and time. That link goes on to say that. So this is great news so far, Are you saying it is possible to attache ESP32 ADC Clock. Jul 18, 2019 · Re: very accurate clock. 5 MHz oscillator, divided by 256 (~33 kHz) is selected. Read the documentation. Finally, we use the custom function printLocalTime() to print the current date and time. The code will output the current date and time in the ESP-IDF terminal using the I2C device library, esp_idf_lib_helpers and ds1307. The time deviation is significantly higher but they do operate. ku bv dv dr fu yp hx ox tf lh